Human Rights in a Pandemic

Жебит А. А.

Статья

Права человека в эпоху пандемии

Жебит А. А.,

2020

https://doi.org/10.23932/2542-0240-2020-13-5-13

В данной статье обсуждается проблема прав человека, которые были ограничены или частично отменены во время пандемии COVID-19. При рассмотрении некоторых их ограничений, отмен и даже злоупотреблений, а также их последствий необходимо попытаться осмыслить политические, социальные, моральные и личные дилеммы ограничения прав человека, а также мотивы общественного и социального поведения во время пандемии с учетом санитарных мер, социального дистанцирования, изоляции, ограничения на поездки, социальной помощи, рекомендованных ВОЗ и избирательно принятых к соблюдению правительствами. Данная статья анализирует прошлый опыт и новые уроки пандемии, а также государственные и общественные меры и реакцию на них; она направлена на то, чтобы оценить, стимулирует ли антипандемическая политика, проводимая как государствами, так и на международном уровне, изменения в парадигме прав человека в виду усугубленных в ней дилемм и дихотомий в период пандемии. Вывод заключается в том, что нынешняя парадигма прав человека должна быть пересмотрена с политических, социальных, экономических, экологических, и, особенно, с экзистенциальных позиций «тяжелых времен» с целью создания нового или усовершенствования существующего универсального кодекса этих прав.

Цитирование

Список литературы

1. Abbott J. (2020) Guatemala’s White Flags Indicate Pandemic’s Deadly Side-Effect: Hunger. The Guardian, May 22, 2020. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2020/may/22/guatemala-white-flags-hunger-coronavirus, дата обращения 15.10.2020.

2. Araújo E. (2020) Chegou o Comunavírus. Metapolítica 17 - contra o globalismo, 22 de abril, 2020. Available at: https://www.metapoliticabrasil.com/post/chegou-o-comunav%C3%ADrus, дата обращения 15.10.2020.

3. Armitage R., Nellums L.B. (2020) The COVID-19 Response Must Be Disability Inclusive. The Lancet. Public Health, March 27, 2020, vol. 5, no 5, pp. e235–e296. DOI: 10.1016/S2468-2667(20)30076-1

4. Ban Evictions during COVID-19 Pandemic, UN Expert Urges (2020). UN Human Rights, August 18, 2020. Available at: https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=26170, дата обращения 15.10.2020.

5. Bayertz K. (1999) Four Uses of “Solidarity”. Solidarity. Philosophical Studies in Contemporary Culture, vol. 5 (ed. Bayertz K.), Dordrecht: Springer, pp. 3–28. DOI: 10.1007/978-94-015-9245-1_1

6. Beaumont P. (2020) ‘Landmark Moment’: 156 Countries Agree to Covid Vaccine Allocation Deal. The Guardian, September 21, 2020. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2020/sep/21/landmark-moment-156-countries-agree-to-covid-vaccine-allocation-deal, дата обращения 15.10.2020.

7. Bhardwaj A. (2020) COVID-19 and US–China Tussle. Economic & Political Weekly, vol. LV, no 17, pp. 10–12. Available at: http://libraryopac.iimk.ac.in/EPW/5_EPW_Vol_LV_No_17.pdf#page=10, дата обращения 15.10.2020.

8. Bhatia R. (2020) G20’s Role in the COVID-era. Gateway House, May 21, 2020. Available at: https://www.gatewayhouse.in/g20-covid-19/, дата обращения 15.10.2020.

9. Buckley Ch., Lee Myers S. (2020) From “Respect” to “Sick and Twisted”: How Coronavirus Hit U.S.-China Ties. The New York Times, May 15, 2020. Available at: https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/15/world/asia/coronavirus-china-unitedstates-cold-war.html, дата обращения 15.10.2020.

10. Bull H. (2012) The Anarchical Society: A Study of Order in World Politics, New York: Palgrave.

11. Coronavírus Covid-19 (2020). Protocolo do manejo clínico do coronavírus (covid-19) na atenção primária à saúde. Brasília, DF: Secretaria de Atenção Primária à Saúde, março de 2020.

12. Coutinho M. (2020) Distanciamento Social e Solidariedade Provisória. Revista METAXY, junho de 2020. Available at: https://revistas.ufrj.br/index.php/metaxy/announcement/view/479, дата обращения 15.10.2020.

13. Crow G. (2002) Social Solidarities: Theories, Identities, and Social Change, Philadelphia, PA: Open University. Desigualdades Sociais por Cor ou

14. Raça no Brasil (2018). Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e estatística. 41ª ed. Brasília: Estudos e Pesquisas: Informação Demográfica e Socioeconômica. Available at: https://biblioteca.ibge.gov.br/visualizacao/livros/liv101681_informativo.pdf, дата обращения 15.10.2020.

15. Diamond J.M. (1999) Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fate of Human Societies, New York: W.W. Norton & Company, Inc.

16. Dunne T. (1998) Inventing International Society: A History of the English School, New York: St. Martin.

17. Estrela F.M. et al. (2020) Pandemia da Covid 19: refletindo as vulnerabilidades a luz do gênero, raça e classe. Ciência & Saúde Coletiva, vol. 25, no 9, pp. 3431–3436. DOI: 10.1590/1413-81232020259.14052020

18. Falk R.A. (1975) A Study of Future Worlds, New York: The Free Press.

19. Falco R.De (2020) Human Rights, Fiscal Policy and Economic Pluralism: Building Inclusive Recovery after COVID-19. Peace Human Rights Governance, vol. 4, no 2, pp. 215–246. DOI: 10.14658/pupj-phrg-2020-2-3

20. Fauci on Limiting Protests. From CNN’s Health Gisela Crespo (2020). CNN, July 31, 2020. Available at: https://edition.cnn.com/politics/live-news/fauci-coronavirus-testimony-07-31-20/h_bf320fabda3a6749cef529f140d45fcf, дата обращения 15.10.2020.

21. Felice W.F. (1996) Taking Suffering Seriously: The Importance of Collective Human Rights, New York: State University of New York Press.

22. Flaxman S., Mishra S., Gandy A. et al. (2020) Estimating the Effects of Non-pharmaceutical Interventions on COVID-19 in Europe. Nature, no 584, pp. 257–261. DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2405-7

23. Frost M. (2002) A Turn Not Taken: Ethics in IR at the Millennium. The Eighty Years’ Crisis: International Relations 1919–1999, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 119–132.

24. “Gripezinha” e “histeria”: cinco vezes em que Bolsonaro minimizou o coronavírus (2020). Congresso Em Foco, Abril 1, 2020. Available at: https://congressoemfoco.uol.com.br/governo/gripezinha-e-histeria-cinco-vezes-em-que-bolsonaro-minimizou-o-coronavirus/, дата обращения 15.10.2020.

25. Haas R. (2020) The Pandemic Will Accelerate History rather Than Reshape It. Foreign Affairs, April 7, 2020. Available at: https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/united-states/2020-04-07/pandemic-will-accelerate-history-rather-reshape-it, дата обращения 15.10.2020.

26. Heren K. (2020) Coronavirus Pandemic Leading to a ‘Tsunami of Hate’ and ‘Contemptible Memes’, UN Chief Says. Evening Standard, May 8, 2020. Available at: https://www.standard.co.uk/news/world/coronavirus-pandemic-tsunamihate-un-chief-a4435686.html, дата обращения 15.10.2020.

27. Human Rights Dimension of COVID-19 Response (2020). Human Rights Watch, March 19, 2020. Available at: https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/03/19/human-rights-dimensions-covid-19-response, дата обращения 15.10.2020.

28. Jaguaribe A. (2020) Covid-19, antes e depois: algumas reflexões, Rio de Janeiro: CEBRI; Berlin: KAS.

29. Joint Session of the Eurasian Online- Seminar and China Seminar with Yang Jiemian (2020). National Research University Higher School of Economics, May 12, 2020. Available at: https://we.hse.ru/en/ml/news/365780446.html, дата обращения 15.10.2020.

30. Julian Assange Denied Bail in UK after Claiming ‘High Risk’ of Catching Coronavirus (2020). The Guardian, March 25, 2020. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/media/2020/mar/26/julian-assange-denied-bail-in-uk-after-claiminghigh-risk-of-catching-coronavirus, дата обращения 15.10.2020.

31. Kenny P. (2020) ILO, WHO Chiefs Welcome G20 Steps on COVID-19 Fight. Anadolu Agency, March 27, 2020. Available at: https://www.aa.com.tr/en/latest-on-coronavirus-outbreak/ilo-whochiefs-welcome-g20-steps-on-covid-19-fight/1781264, дата обращения 15.10.2020.

32. Kind L., Cordeiro R. (2020) Narrativas sobre la morte: a gripe espanhola e la covid-19 no Brasil. Psicologia & Sociedade, vol. 32. DOI: 10.1590/1807-0310/2020v32240740

33. Kissinger H.A. (2020) The Coronavirus Pandemic Will Forever Alter the World Order. The Wall Street Journal, April 3, 2020. Available at: https://www.henryakissinger.com/articles/the-coronavirus-pandemicwill-forever-alter-the-world-order/, дата обращения 15.10.2020.

34. Lebret A. (2020) COVID-19 Pandemic and Derogation to Human Rights. Journal of Law and the Biosciences, vol. 7, no 1, pp. 1–15. DOI: 10.1093/jlb/lsaa015

35. Liptak A. (2002) Civil Rights Law Protects Gay and Transgender Workers, Supreme Court Rules. The New York Times, June 15, 2002. Available at: https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/15/us/gay-transgender-workers-supreme-court.html?auth=login-email&login=email, дата обращения 15.10.2020.

36. Mallet V. et al. (2020) FT Interview: Emmanuel Macron Says It Is Time to Think the Unthinkable. Financial Times, April 16, 2020. Available at: https://www.ft.com/content/3ea8d790-7fd1-11ea-8fdb-7ec06edeef84, дата обращения 15.10.2020.

37. Martins I. (1980) Random Factors: Ekistics, Ecology and a Think Tank. An Approach to Settlement Planning from Doxiadis Onward. The Third World Planning Review, vol. 2, no 2, pp. 137–151.

38. Medida Cautelar na Arguição de Descumprimento de Preceito Fundamental 690 Distrito Federal (2020). ADPF 690 MC/DF, 8 de junho de 2020. Available at: http://www.stf.jus.br/arquivo/cms/noticiaNoticiaStf/anexo/ADPF690cautelar.pdf, дата обращения 15.10.2020.

39. Müller A. (2009) Limitations to and Derogations from Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. Human Rights Law Review, vol. 9, no 4, pp. 557–601. DOI: 10.1093/hrlr/ngp027

40. NDB (New Development Bank). Press releases, 16/06/2020, 20/06/2020, 21/07/2020. Available at: https://www.ndb.int/, дата обращения 15.10.2020.

41. Ortega e Gasset J. (1966) Meditaciones del Quijote. Obras completas de José Ortega y Gasset. 7a ed., vol. 1, Madrid: Revista de Occidente.

42. Powell Ch., Molina I., Martínez J.P. (coords.) (2020) Espana y la crisis del coronavírus: Una reflexión estratégica em contexto europeo e internacional, Madrid: Real Instituto Elcano, Junio 2020.

43. Pugh J. (2020) The United Kingdom’s Coronavirus Act, Deprivations of Liberty, and the Right to Liberty and Security of the Person. Journal of Law and the Biosciences, pp. 1–14, April 29, 2020. DOI: 10.1093/jlb/lsaa011

44. Pushkin A., Werth A. (1927) A Feast in the City of the Plague. The Slavonic Review, vol. 6, no 16, pp. 178–184.

45. Ragin Ch.C. (1987) The Comparative Method: Moving Beyond Qualitative and Quantitative Strategies, Berkeley: University of California Press.

46. Rawls J. (1971) A Theory of Justice, Cambridge (Mass.): Harvard/Belknap Press.

47. Sachs J.D. (2005) The End of Poverty, Penguin Books.

48. Sancci B. (2020) Coronavirus em Argentina: um catalizador em tiempos de pandemia. Cadernos do Tempo Presente, vol. 11, no 1, pp. 71–89.

49. Santos M.P.A. dos et al. (2020) População negra e Covid-19: reflexões sobre racismo e saúde. Estudos Avançados, vol. 34, no 99, pp. 225–243. DOI: 10.1590/s0103-4014.2020.3499.014

50. Savulescu J., Vergano M., Craxi L., Wilkinson D. (2020) An Ethical Algorithm for Rationing Life-Sustaining Treatment during the COVID-19 Pandemic. British Journal of Anaesthesia, vol. 125, no 3, pp. 253–258. DOI: 10.1016/j.bja.2020.05.028

51. Schipani A. et al. (2020) The ‘Ostrich Alliance’: The Leaders Denying the Coronavirus Threat. Financial Times, April 16, 2020. Available at: https://www.ft.com/content/974dc9d2-77c1-4381-adcd-2f755333a36b, дата обращения 15.10.2020.

52. Secretary-General’s Nelson Mandela Lecture: “Tackling the Inequality Pandemic: A New Social Contract for a New Era” (2020). United Nation Secretary General, July 18, 2020. Available at: https://www.un.org/sg/en/content/sg/statement/2020-07-18/secretary-generals-nelson-mandela-lecture-%E2%80%9Ctackling-the-inequality-pandemic-new-social-contract-for-new-era%E2%80%9D-delivered, дата обращения 15.10.2020.

53. Sen A. (2000) Development as Freedom, New York: First Anchor Books Edition.

54. Sen A. (2001) A World of Extremes: Ten Theses on Globalization. Los Angeles Times, July 17, 2001. Available at: http://econ.tu.ac.th/archan/pokpong/ec452/Readings/Reading%20Ch1_globalization_overview/ec452_reading_ch1_Sen1.pdf, дата обращения 15.10.2020.

55. Spadaro A. (2020) COVID-19: Testing the Limits of Human Rights. European Journal of Risk Regulation, vol. 11, no 2, pp. 317–325. DOI: 10.1017/err.2020.27

56. Steinbuch Y. (2020) UN Chief Antonio Guterres Says Coronavirus Threatens ‘Whole of Humanity’. The New York Post, March 26, 2020. Available at: https://nypost.com/2020/03/26/un-chief-antonioguterres-says-coronavirus-threatenswhole-of-humanity/, дата обращения 15.10.2020.

57. Strohal A. (2020) Resilience of Nuclear Power During COVID-19 Pandemic Highlighted at the Annual Forum of the International Nuclear Safety Group. IAEA, September 22, 2020. Available at: https://www.iaea.org/newscenter/news/resilience-of-nuclear-power-duringcovid-19-pandemic-highlighted-at-theannual- forum-of-the-international-nuclear- safety-group, дата обращения 15.10.2020.

58. Subcommittee to Hold Hearing on Administration’s Ventilator Contract for Waste, Fraud, and Abuse (2020). The Committee on Oversight and Reform is the Main Investigative Committee in the U.S. House of Representatives, August 13, 2020. Available at: https://oversight.house.gov/news/press-releases/subcommittee-to-hold-hearing-on-administration-s-ventilator-contract-for-waste, дата обращения 15.10.2020.

59. The Final Document of Vienna Conference on Human Rights: Declaration and Programme of Action (1993). A/CONF.157/23, July 12, 1993.

60. Thucydides. The Peloponnesian War (1910), London, J.M. Dent; New York, E.P. Dutton.

61. Timeline of WHO’s Response to COVID-19 (2020). WHO, September 9, 2020. Available at: https://www.who.int/news/item/29-06-2020-covidtimeline, дата обращения 15.10.2020.

62. Tovar J. (2020) Soccer, World War II and Coronavirus: A Comparative Analysis of How the Sport Shut Down. Soccer & Society. DOI: 10.1080/14660970.2020.1755270

63. Townsend D. (2020) COVID-19 Symposium COVID-19 and the Human Right to Water and Sanitation. Opinio Juris, March 31, 2020. Available at: https://opiniojuris.org/2020/03/31/covid-19-symposium-covid-19-and-the-humanright-to-water-and-sanitation/, дата обращения 15.09.2020.

64. UN Chief Renews Call for COVID-19 Solidarity as WHO Warns ‘Majority’ of World Still at Risk (2020). UN News/Health, May 18, 2020. Available at: https://news.un.org/en/story/2020/05/1064252, дата обращения 15.10.2020.

65. United Nations Millennium Declaration. UNGA Res. 55/2, September 8, 2000.

66. Update on U.S. Withdrawal from the World Health Organization (2020). U.S. Department of State, September 3, 2020. Available at: https://www.state.gov/update-onu-s-withdrawal-from-the-world-health-organization/, дата обращения 15.10.2020.

67. Vergondy E.-C.B. (2020) España frente a la COVID-19: un recorrido por las trincheras politicas, sociales y educativas. Cadernos do Tempo Presente, vol. 11, no 1, pp. 46–58.

68. Wiarda H.J. (2007) Comparative Politics: Approaches and Issues, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc.

69. Willasey-Wilsey T. (2020) Policy Dilemmas from the Bombay Plague of 1896. Gateway House, March 25, 2020. Available at: https://www.gatewayhouse.in/bombay-plague-1896/, дата обращения 15.10.2020.

70. Xiang Gao, Jianxing Yu (2020) Public Governance Mechanism in the Prevention and Control of the COVID-19: Information, Decision-Making And Execution. Journal of Chinese Governance, vol. 5, no 2, pp. 178–197. DOI: 10.1080/23812346.2020.1744922

Источник

Версии

1. Version of Record от 2020-11-25

Метаданные

Об авторах

Жебит А. А.
Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, CEP 22.290-140, Centro de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas, Avenida Pasteur

Предметная рубрика

COVID-19

Название журнала

Outlines of global transformations: politics, economics, law

Страницы

219–252

Тип документа

journal article

Тип лицензии Creative Commons

CC BY

Правовой статус документа

Свободная лицензия

Источник

elpub

Поиск по репозиторию

Статья

Права человека в эпоху пандемии

Похожие публикации

Источник

Версии

Метаданные