The illegal wildlife trade in the Caspian region is a significant environmental threat, particularly unregulated illegal fishing targeting the six native Caspian sturgeon species, all of which are Critically Endangered, for their meat and roe (caviar), and for the endemic, Endangered, Caspian seal Pusa caspica Seal blubber is rendered for oil, which is used as a general health tonic in the Caspian region, as are rendered fats from sturgeons, bears, badgers, wolves and other species (Dmitrieva et al , 2013, op cit ;L Svolkinas et al , unpubl data) Seal oil is considered particularly effective in treating respiratory diseases, including bronchitis, asthma, sinusitis, coughing, colds, pneumonia and tuberculosis Since the arrival of Covid-19 in the region in March 2020, eight interviews undertaken by LS with key actors in the wildlife oil trade revealed that demand has risen to the extent that some traders have exhausted their stock, and consumers are actively seeking new sources of wildlife oil products