Currently, the key and budget-forming sector of the Russian economy is still the oil industry, which includes the production, processing, transportation and sale of oil and oil products. The share of the oil industry in the country’s GDP amounted to above 40%, and, taking into account the petrochemical and manufacturing industries, exceeds 50%. In this aspect, an important task is to study the institutional environment of the operation of enterprises and organizations of the oil industry, as well as the mechanisms and tools of state sectoral management, because not only the activities of individual companies, corporations and enterprises, but also the level of socio-economic development of the country as a whole. The main forms of state participation in the regulation of such industries remain direct ownership of shares, including a controlling stake or “golden share”, delegation of government representatives to corporate boards of directors, as well as the creation of various forms of organizations with state participation. At the same time, there are a number of contradictions between the state, economic entities of the oil industry and public and expert organizations, which are expressed in different interpretations of short-term and long-term goals, the presence of not always coordinated concepts and strategies for the development of individual industries and areas, inconsistency of a number of state programs, projects, etc. These contradictions lead to a decrease in the efficiency of the system of state regulation of strategic sectors of the economy, which is expressed in a significant lag in labor productivity.