The COVID-19 pandemic has spread all over the world and required the mobilization of the efforts of scientists and doctors to develop new methods of treatment this serious disease. Along with research of the SARS- C6V-2 virology, understanding of the fundamental physiological processes, molecular cell mechanisms and intracellular signaling pathways underlying the clinical manifestations of COVID-19 is important for the rational design of effective therapy. The review describes in details the interaction of the components of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE), which plays a special role in normal lung physiology and pathology in COVID-19, up to the development of acute respiratory distress syndrome and cytokine storm. A separate section presents modern approaches for correcting RAS dysfunction caused by binding the virus to angiotensin converting enzyme 2(ACE2), a central component of this system. Analysis of published theoretical, clinical, and experimental data suggests the need for complex treatment to prevent severe COVID-19 course using MasR agonists, blockers of AT1R and NF-κB signaling pathway, as well as compounds with neuroprotective and regenerative effects.