Возникшая на рубеже 2019–2020 гг. сначала в г. Ухань (китайской провинции Хубэй) и распространившаяся затем во многие страны мира эпидемия COVID-19 (Coronavirus disease 2019), этиологически связанная с вирусом тяжелого острого респираторного синдрома 2 типа (SARS-CoV-2 — Severe acute respiratory syndrome 2), породила новую волну интереса к коронавирусам. Первые коронавирусы — представители семейства Coronaviridae из отряда Nidovirales — были открыты еще в первой половине прошлого века. Первый коронавирус человека, HCoV-B814, был изолирован в 1965 г. и к настоящему времени не сохранился в вирусологических коллекциях. За прошедшее время произошло многократное наслоение устаревших названий. К началу XXI в. коронавирусы представляли серьезную ветеринарную проблему, однако считалось, что эпидемические коронавирусы не относятся к числу особо опасных. Научному сообществу пришлось пересматривать эти представления сначала в 2002 г., когда вирус тяжелого острого респираторного синдрома (SARS-CoV — Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus) проник в популяцию людей из популяции летучих мышей в Юго-Восточной Азии, а потом в 2012 г., когда были открыты природные очаги вируса Ближневосточного респираторного синдрома (MERS-CoV — Middle East respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus) на территории Аравийского полуострова. В результате активизации интереса к коронавирусам, в первые два десятилетия XXI в. было открыто большое количество новых представителей Coronaviridae, что потребовало нескольких ревизий таксономической структуры этого семейства. Настоящий обзор посвящен истории изучения коронавирусов и системе их современной классификации, которая сложилась на начало 2020 г. в соответствии с последними рекомендациями Международного Комитета по таксономии вирусов.
1. Львов Д.К., Дерябин П.Г., Аристова В.А., Бутенко А.М., Галкина И.В., Громашевский В.Л., Давыдова А.А., Колобухина Л.В., Львов С.Д., Щелканов М.Ю. Атлас распространения возбудителей природноочаговых вирусных инфекций на территории Российской Федерации. М.: Изд-во МЗ РФ, 2001. 192 с.
2. Медицинская вирусология. Под ред. Д.К. Львова. М.: МИА, 2008. 656 с.
3. Руководство по вирусологии. Вирусы и вирусные инфекции человека и животных. Под ред. Д.К. Львова. М.: МИА, 2013. 1200 с.
4. Пульмонология. Национальное руководство. Под ред. А.Г. Чучалина. М.: ГЭОТАР-Медиа, 2016. 800 с.
5. Сопиков П.М. Болезни птиц. М.–Л.: Сельхозгиз, 1953. 288 с.
6. Чучалин А.Г. Тяжелый острый респираторный синдром // Архив патологии. 2004. № 3. С. 5–11.
7. Щелканов М.Ю., Ананьев В.Ю., Кузнецов В.В., Шуматов В.Б. Ближневосточный респираторный синдром: когда вспыхнет тлеющий очаг? // Тихоокеанский медицинский журнал. 2015. № 2. С. 94–98.
8. Щелканов М.Ю., Ананьев В.Ю., Кузнецов В.В., Шуматов В.Б. Эпидемическая вспышка Ближневосточного респираторного синдрома в Республике Корея (май-июль 2015 г.): причины, динамика, выводы // Тихоокеанский медицинский журнал. 2015. № 3. С. 25–29.
9. Щелканов М.Ю., Галкина И.В., Ананьев В.Ю., Самарский С.С., Лиенхо С.Ю., Дедков В.Г., Сафонова М.В., Орехов В.Е., Щелканов Е.М., Алексеев А.Ю., Шестопалов А.М., Питрук Д.Л., Серков В.М. Экологическая обстановка на о. Тюлений в акватории Охотского моря (2015 г.): популяционные взаимодействия между ластоногими, птицами, иксодовыми клещами и вирусами // Юг России: экология, развитие. 2017. Т. 12, № 1. С. 30–43. doi: 10.18470/1992-1098-2017-1-30-43
10. Щелканов М.Ю., Колобухина Л.В., Львов Д.К. Грипп: история, клиника, патогенез // Лечащий врач. 2011. № 10. С. 33–38.
11. Щелканов М.Ю., Колобухина Л.В., Львов Д.К. Коронавирусы человека (Nidovirales, Coronaviridae): возросший уровень эпидемической опасности // Лечащий врач. 2013. № 10. С. 49–54.
12. Щелканов М.Ю., Львов Д.К. Новый субтип вируса гриппа А от летучих мышей и новые задачи экологовирусологического мониторинга // Вопросы вирусологии. 2012. Приложение 1. С. 159–168.
13. Al-Abdallat M.M., Payne D.C., Alqasrawi S., Rha B., Tohme R.A., Abedi G.R., Al Nsour M., Iblan I., Jarour N., Farag N.H., Haddadin A., Al-Sanouri T., Tamin A., Harcourt J.L., Kuhar D.T., Swerdlow D.L., Erdman D.D., Pallansch M.A., Haynes L.M., Gerber S.I. Hospital associated outbreak of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus: a serologic, epidemiologic, and clinical description. Clin. Infect. Dis., 2014, vol. 59, pp. 1225–1233. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciu359
14. Alexander T.J., Richards W.P., Roe C.K. An encephalomyelitis of suckling pigs in Ontario. Can. J. Comp. Med. Vet. Sci., 1959, vol. 23, pp. 316–319.
15. Almeida J.D., Berry D.M., Cunningham C.H., Hamre D., Hofstad M.S., Mallucci L., McIntosh K., Tyrrell D.A.J. Virology: Coronaviruses. Nature, 1968, vol. 220, p. 650. doi: 10.1038/220650b0
16. Azhar E.I., El-Kafrawy S.A., Farraj S.A., Hassan A.M., Al-Saeed M.S., Hashem A.M., Madani T.A. Evidence for camel-tohuman transmission of MERS coronavirus. N. Engl. J. Med., 2014, vol. 370, no. 26, pp. 2499–2505. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1401505
17. Bailey O.T., Pappenheimer A.M., Cheever F.S., Daniels J.B. A murine virus (JHM) causing disseminated encephalomyelitis with extensive destruction of myelin: II. Pathology. J. Exp. Med., 1949, vol. 90, pp. 195–212. doi: 10.1084/jem.90.3.195
18. Baker D.G. Natural pathogens of laboratory mice, rats, and rabbits and their effects on research. Clin. Microbiol. Rev., 1998, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 231–266.
19. Bande B., Arshad S.S., Omar A.R., Hair-Bejo M., Mahmuda A., Nair V. Global distributions and strain diversity of avian infectious bronchitis virus: a review. Anim. Health Res. Rev., 2017, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 70–83. doi: 10.1017/S1466252317000044
20. Barthold S.W. Host age and genotypic effects on enterotropic mouse hepatitis virus infection. Lab. Anim. Sci., 1987, vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 36–40.
21. Bermingham A., Chand M.A., Brown C.S., Aarons E., Tong C., Langrish C., Hoschler K., Brown K., Galiano M., Myers R., Pebody R.G., Green H.K., Boddington N.L., Gopal R., Price N., Newsholme W., Drosten C., Fouchier R.A., Zambon M. Severe respiratory illness caused by a novel coronavirus, in a patient transferred to the United Kingdom from the Middle East, September 2012. Euro Surveill., 2012, vol. 17, p. 10290.
22. Binn L.N., Lazar E.C., Keenan K.P., Huxsoll D.L., Marchwicki R.H., Strano A.J. Recovery and characterization of a coronavirus from military dogs with diarrhea. Proc. Annu. Meet. US Anim. Health Assoc., 1974, vol. 78, pp. 359–366.
23. Bruckova M., McIntosh K., Kapikian A.Z., Chanock R.M. The adaptation of two human coronavirus strains (OC38 and OC43) to growth in cell monolayers. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med., 1970, vol. 135, no. 2, pp. 431–435. doi: 10.3181/00379727-135-35068
24. Bukhari K., Mulley G., Gulyaeva A.A., Zhao L., Shu G., Jiang J., Neuman B.W. Description and initial characterization of metatranscriptomic nidovirus-like genomes from the proposed new family Abyssoviridae, and from a sister group to the Coronavirinae, the proposed genus Alphaletovirus. Virology, 2018, vol. 524, pp. 160–171. doi: 10.1016/j.virol.2018.08.010
25. Callow K.A., Parry H.F., Sergeant M., Tyrrell D.A. The time course of the immune response to experimental coronavirus infection of man. Epidemiol. Infect., 1990, vol. 105, pp. 435–446. doi: 10.1017/s0950268800048019
26. Cavanagh D. A nomenclature for avian coronavirus isolates and the question of species status. Avian Pathol., 2001, vol. 30, no. 2, pp. 109–115. doi: 10.1080/03079450120044506
27. Chan S.M.S., Damdinjav B., Perera R.A.P., Chu D.K.W., Khishgee B., Enkhbold B., Poon L.L., Peiris M. Absence of MERScoronavirus in Bactrian camels, Southern Mongolia, November 2014. Emerg. Infect. Dis., 2015, vol. 21, pp. 1269–1271. doi: 10.3201/eid2107.150178
28. Chan J.F., Li K.S., To K.K., Cheng V.C., Chen H., Yuen K.Y. Is the discovery of the novel human betacoronavirus 2c EMC/2012 (HCoV-EMC) the beginning of another SARS-like pandemic? J. Infect., 2012, vol. 65, no. 6, pp. 477–489. doi: 10.1016/j.jinf.2012.10.002
29. Cheever F.S., Daniels J.B., Bailey O.T., Pappenheimer A.M. A murine virus (JHM) causing disseminated encephalomyelitis with extensive destruction of myelin. I. Isolation and biological properties of the virus. J. Exp. Med., 1949, vol. 90, pp. 181–194.
30. Chen Y., Liu Q., Guo D. Emerging coronaviruses: Genome structure, replication, and pathogenesis. J. Med. Virol., 2020, vol. 92, no. 4, pp. 418–423. doi: 10.1002/jmv.25681
31. Chen X., Zhang X.X., Li C., Wang H., Wang H., Meng X.Z., Ma J., Ni H.B., Zhang X., Qi Y., Sun D. Epidemiology of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus among Chinese pig populations: a meta-analysis. Microb. Pathog., 2019, vol. 129, pp. 43–49. doi: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.01.017
32. Chu D.K., Poon L.L., Chan K.H., Chen H., Guan Y., Yuen K.Y., Peiris J.S. Coronaviruses in bent-winged bats (Miniopterus spp.). J. Gen. Virol., 2006, vol. 87, pt 9, pp. 2461–246. doi: 10.1099/vir.0.82203-0
33. Chuck C.P., Chow H.F., Wan D.C.C., Wong K.B. Profiling of substrate specificities of 3C-like proteases from group 1, 2a, 2b, and 3 coronaviruses. PLoS One, 2011, vol. 6, no. 11: e27228–e27228. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027228
34. Classification and nomenclature of viruses. First report of the International committee on nomenclature of viruses. Ed. Wildy P. Basel: Karger, 1971. 81 p.
35. Classification and nomenclature of viruses. Second report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. Ed. Fenner F. Basel: Karger, 1976. 115 p.
36. Corman V.M., Jores J., Meyer B., Younan M., Liljander A., Said M.Y., Gluecks I., Lattwein E., Bosch B.J., Drexler J.F., Bornstein S., Drosten C., Muller M.A. Antibodies against MERS coronavirus in dromedary camels, Kenya, 1992–2013. Emerg. Infect. Dis., 2014, vol. 20, no. 8, pp. 1319–1322. doi: 10.3201/eid2008.140596
37. Corman V.M., Kallies R., Philipps H., Gopner G., Müller M.A., Eckerle I., Br ünink S., Drosten C., Drexler J.F. Characterization of a novel betacoronavirus related to Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in European hedgehogs. J. Virol., 2014, vol. 88, no. 1, pp. 717–724. doi: 10.1128/JVI.01600-13
38. Crameri G., Durr P., Barr J., Yu M., Graham K., Williams O., Kayali G. Absence of MERS-CoV antibodies in feral camels in Australia: implications for the pathogen’s origin and spread. One Health, 2015, vol. 1, pp. 76–82. doi: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2015.10.003
39. Cyranoski D. Did pangolins spread the China coronavirus to people? Nature, 2020. doi: 10.1038/d41586-020-00364-2
40. Decaro N., Martella V., Elia G., Campolo M., Desario C., Cirone F., Tempesta M., Buonavoglia C. Molecular characterisation of the virulent canine coronavirus CB/05 strain. Virus Res., 2007, vol. 125, no. 1, pp. 54–60. doi: 10.1016/j.virusres.2006.12.006
41. Dijkman R., Jebbink M.F., Wilbrink B., Pyrc K., Zaaijer H.L., Minor P.D., Franklin S., Berkhout B., Thiel V., van der Hoek L. Human coronavirus 229E encodes a single ORF4 protein between the spike and the envelope genes. Virol. J., 2006, no. 3, p. 106. doi: 10.1186/1743-422X-3-106
42. Dong B.Q., Liu W., Fan X.H., Vijaykrishna D., Tang X.C., Gao F., Li L.F., Li G.J., Zhang J.X., Yang L.Q., Poon L.L., Zhang S.Y., Peiris J.S., Smith G.J., Chen H., Guan Y. Detection of a novel and highly divergent coronavirus from Asian leopard cats and Chinese ferret badgers in Southern China. J. Virol., 2007, vol. 81, no. 13, pp. 6920–6926. doi: 10.1128/JVI.00299-07
43. Doyle L.P., Hutchings L.M. A transmissible gastroenteritis in pigs. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc., 1946, vol. 108, pp. 257–259.
44. Drosten C., Kellam P., Memish Z.A. Evidence for camel-to-human transmission of MERS coronavirus. N. Engl. J. Med., 2014, vol. 371, no. 14, pp. 1359–1360. doi: 10.1056/NEJMc1409847
45. Fouchier R.A., Hartwig N.G., Bestebroer T.M., Niemeyer B., de Jong J.C., Simon J.H., Osterhaus A.D. A previously undescribed coronavirus associated with respiratory disease in humans. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2004, vol. 101, pp. 6212–6216. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0400762101
46. Gorbalenya A.E., Baker S.C., Baric R.S., de Groot R.J., Drosten C., Gulyaeva A.A., Haagmans B.L., Lauber C., Leontovich A.M., Neuman B.W., Penzar D., Perlman S., Poon L.L.M., Samborskiy D., Sidorov I.A., Sola I., Ziebuhr J. Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus: the species and its viruses — a statement of the Coronavirus Study Group. bioRxiv, 2020. doi: 10.1101/2020.02.07.937862
47. Gorham J.R., Evermann J.F., Ward A., Pearson R., Shen D., Hartsough G.R., Leathers C. Detection of coronavirus-like particles from mink with epizootic catarrhal gastroenteritis. Can. J. Vet. Res., 1990, vol. 54, no. 3, pp. 383–384.
48. Greig A.S., Mitchell D., Corner A.H., Bannister G.L., Meads E.B., Julian R.J. A hemagglutinating virus producing encephalomyelitis in baby pigs. Can. J. Comp. Med. Vet. Sci., 1962, vol. 26, pp. 49–56.
49. Guan Y., Zheng B.J., He Y.Q., Liu X.L., Zhuang Z.X., Cheung C.L., Luo S.W., Li P.H., Zhang L.J., Guan Y.J., Butt K.M., Wong K.L., Chan K.W., Lim W., Shortridge K.F., Yuen K.Y., Peiris J.S., Poon L.L. Isolation and characterization of viruses related to the SARS coronavirus from animals in southern China. Science, 2003, vol. 302, pp. 276–278. doi: 10.1126/science.1087139
50. Gudjonsson H., Newman B., Turner T.B. Demonstration of a virus-like agent contaminating material containing the Stockholm substrain of the Nichols pathogenic Treponema pallidum. Br. J. Vener. Dis., 1970, vol. 46, pp. 435–440.
51. Gudjonsson H., Skog E. Fever after inoculation of rabbits with Treponema pallidum. Br. J. Vener. Dis., 1970, vol. 46, pp. 318–322.
52. Guy J.S., Breslin J.J., Breuhaus B., Vivrette S., Smith L.G. Characterization of a coronavirus isolated from a diarrheic foal. J. Clin. Microbiol., 2000, vol. 38, pp. 4523–4526.
53. Hamre D., Procknow J.J. A new virus isolated from the human respiratory tract. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med., 1966, vol. 121, pp. 190–193. doi: 10.3181/00379727-121-30734
54. Hansen M. Diseases and hygiene. In: Ed. G. Joergensen. Mink production. Denmark: Scientific Publ., 1985, pp. 279–294.
55. Hemida M.G., Perera R.A., Wang P., Alhammadi M.A., Siu L.Y., Li M., Poon L.L., Saif L., Alnaeem A., Peiris M. Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) coronavirus seroprevalence in domestic livestock in Saudi Arabia, 2010 to 2013. Euro Surveill., 2013, vol. 8, no. 50, pp. 20659. doi: 10.2807/1560-7917.es2013.18.50.20659
56. Hu D., Zhu C., Ai L., He T., Wang Y., Ye F., Yang L., Ding C., Zhu X., Lv R., Zhu J., Hassan B., Feng Y., Tan W., Wang C. Genomic characterization and infectivity of a novel SARS-like coronavirus in Chinese bats. Emerg. Microbes Infect., 2018, vol. 7, no. 1, p. 15
57. Huang C., Liu J., Xu W., Jin T., Shi Y., Ji W., Jia H., Zhou Y., Wen H., Zhao H., Liu H., Li H., Wang Q., Wu Y., Wang L., Liu D., Liu G., Yu H., Holmes E., Lu L., Gao G.F. A bat-derived putative cross-family recombinant coronavirus with a reovirus gene. PLoS Pathog., 2016, vol. 12, no. 9: e1005883. doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005883
58. Ji W., Wang W., Zhao X., Zai J., Li X. Cross-species transmission of the newly identified coronavirus 2019-nCoV. J. Med. Virol., 2020, vol. 92, no. 4, pp. 433–440. doi: 10.1002/jmv.25682
59. Lam T.T., Shum M.H., Zhu H.C., Tong Y.G., Ni X.B., Liao Y.S., Wei W., Cheung W.Y., Li W.J., Li L.F., Leung G.M., Holmes E.C., Hu Y.L., Guan Y. Identification of 2019-nCoV related coronaviruses in Malayan pangolins in southern China. bioRxiv, 2020. doi: 10.1101/2020.02.13.945485
60. Larsen A.E., Gorham J.R. A new mink enteritis: an initial report. Vet. Med. Small Anim. Clin., 1975, vol. 70, pp. 291–292.
61. Lau S.K., Li K.S., Tsang A.K., Shek C.T., Wang M., Choi G.K., Guo R., Wong B.H., Poon R.W., Lam C.S., Wang S.Y., Fan R.Y., Chan K.H., Zheng B.J., Woo P.C., Yuen K.Y. Recent transmission of a novel alphacoronavirus, bat coronavirus HKU10, from Leschenault’s rousettes to pomona leaf-nosed bats: first evidence of interspecies transmission of coronavirus between bats of different suborders. J. Virol., 2012, vol. 86, no. 21, pp. 11906–11918. doi: 10.1128/JVI.01305-12
62. Lau S.K., Poon R.W., Wong B.H., Wang M., Huang Y., Xu H., Guo R., Li K.S., Gao K., Chan K.H., Zheng B.J., Woo P.C., Yuen K.Y. Coexistence of different genotypes in the same bat and serological characterization of Rousettus bat coronavirus HKU9 belonging to a novel Betacoronavirus subgroup. J. Virol., 2010, vol. 84, no. 21, pp. 11385–11394. doi: 10.1128/JVI.01121-10
63. Lau S.K., Woo P.C., Li K.S., Tsang A.K., Fan R.Y., Luk H.K., Cai J.P., Chan K.H., Zheng B.J., Wang M., Yuen K.Y. Discovery of a novel coronavirus, China Rattus coronavirus HKU24, from Norway rats supports the murine origin of Betacoronavirus 1 and has implications for the ancestor of Betacoronavirus lineage A. J. Virol., 2015, vol. 89, no. 6, pp. 3076–3092. doi: 10.1128/JVI.02420-14
64. Lau S.K., Woo P.C., Yip C.C., Fan R.Y., Huang Y., Wang M., Guo R., Lam C.S., Tsang A.K., Lai K.K., Chan K.H., Che X.Y., Zheng B.J., Yuen K.Y. Isolation and characterization of a novel Betacoronavirus subgroup A coronavirus, rabbit coronavirus HKU14, from domestic rabbits. J. Virol., 2012, vol. 86, no. 10, pp. 5481–5496. doi: 10.1128/JVI.06927-11
65. Lau S.K., Woo P.C., Yip C.C., Tse H., Tsoi H.W., Cheng V.C., Lee P., Tang B.S., Cheung C.H., Lee R.A., So L.Y., Lau Y.L., Chan K.H., Yuen K.Y. Coronavirus HKU1 and other coronavirus infections in Hong Kong. J. Clin. Microbiol., 2006, vol. 44, no. 6, pp. 2063–2071. doi: 10.1128/JCM.02614-05
66. Lednicky J.A., Waltzek T.B., McGeehan E., Loeb J.C., Hamilton S.B., Luetke M.C. Isolation and genetic characterization of human coronavirus NL63 in primary human renal proximal tubular epithelial cells obtained from a commercial supplier, and confirmation of its replication in two different types of human primary kidney cells. Virol. J., 2013, vol. 10, p. 213. doi: 10.1186/1743422X-10-213
67. Lee D.U., Kwon T., Je S.H., Yoo S.J., Seo S.W., Sunwoo S.Y., Lyoo Y.S. Wild boars harboring porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) may play an important role as a PEDV reservoir. Vet. Microbiol., 2016, vol. 192, pp. 90–94. doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.07.003
68. Li W., Shi Z., Yu M., Ren W., Smith C., Epstein J.H., Wang H., Crameri G., Hu Z., Zhang H., Zhang J., McEachern J., Field H., Daszak P., Eaton B.T., Zhang S., Wang L.F. Bats are natural reservoirs of SARS-like coronaviruses. Science, 2005, vol. 310, pp. 676–679. doi: 10.1126/science.1118391
69. Liu P., Chen W., Chen J.P. Viral metagenomics revealed Sendai virus and coronavirus infection of Malayan pangolins (Manis javanica). Viruses, 2019, vol. 11, no. 11: e979. doi: 10.3390/v11110979
70. Liu R., Wen Z., Wang J., Ge J., Chen H., Bu Z. Absence of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in Bactrian camels in the West Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of China: surveillance study results from July 2015. Emerg. Microbes Infect., 2015, no. 4: e73. doi: 10.1038/emi.2015.73
71. Lorusso A., Desario C., Mari V., Campolo M., Lorusso E., Elia G., Martella V., Buonavoglia C., Decaro N. Molecular characterization of a canine respiratory coronavirus strain detected in Italy. Virus Res., 2009, vol. 141, no. 1, pp. 96–100. doi: 10.1016/j.virusres.2008.12.011
72. Lu R., Zhao X., Li J., Niu P., Yang B., Wu H., Wang W., Song H., Huang B., Zhu N., Bi Y., Ma X., Zhan F., Wang L., Hu T., Zhou H., Hu Z., Zhou W., Zhao L., Chen J., Meng Y., Wang J., Lin Y., Yuan J., Xie Z., Ma J., Liu W.J., Wang D., Xu W., Holmes E.C., Gao G.F., Wu G., Chen W., Shi W., Tan W. Genomic characterisation and epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus: implications for virus origins and receptor binding. Lancet, 2020. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30251-8
73. Lvov D.K., Shchelkanov M.Yu., Alkhovsky S.V., Deryabin P.G. Zoonotic viruses of Northern Eurasia. Taxonomy and Ecology. Academic Press, 2015. 452 p.
74. Lvov D.K., Shchelkanov M.Yu., Prilipov A.G., Vlasov N.A., Fedyakina I.T., Deryabin P.G., Alkhovsky S.V., Zaberezhny A.D., Suares D. Evolution of HPAI H5N1 virus in natural ecosystems of Northern Eurasia (2005–2008). Avian Dis., 2010, vol. 54, pp. 483–495. doi: 10.1637/8893-042509-Review.1
75. Marsolais G., Berthiaume L., DiFranco E., Marois P. Rapid diagnosis by electron microscopy of avian coronavirus infection. Can. J. Comp. Med., 1971, vol. 35, no. 4, pp. 85–288.
76. Martinez J., Reinacher M., Perpinan D. Identification of group 1 coronavirus antigen in multisystemic granulomatous lesions in ferrets (Mustela putorius furo). J. Comp. Pathol., 2008, vol. 138, pp. 54–58. doi: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2007.10.002
77. McClurkin A.W., Stark S.L., Norman J.O. Transmissible gastroenteritis (TGE) of swine: the possible role of dogs in the epizootiology of TGE. Can. J. Comp. Med., 1970, vol. 34, no. 4, pp. 347–349.
78. McIntosh K., Dees J.H., Becker W.B., Kapikian A.Z., Chanock R.M. Recovery in tracheal organ cultures of novel viruses from patients with respiratory disease. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1967, vol. 57, pp. 933–940. doi: 10.1073/pnas.57.4.933
79. Menachery V.D., Yount B.L. Jr, Debbink K., Agnihothram S., Gralinski L.E., Plante J.A., Graham R.L., Scobey T., Ge X.Y., Donaldson E.F., Randell S.H., Lanzavecchia A., Marasco W.A., Shi Z.L., Baric R.S. A SARS-like cluster of circulating bat coronaviruses shows potential for human emergence. Nat. Med., 2015, vol. 21, no. 12, pp. 1508–1513. doi: 10.1038/nm.3985
80. Miguel E., Perera R.A.P., Baubekova A., Chevalier V., Faye B., Akhmetsadykov N., Ng C.Y., Roger F., Peiris M. Absence of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in camelids, Kazakhstan, 2015. Emerg. Infect. Dis., 2016, vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 555–557. doi: 10.3201/eid2203.151284
81. Mihindukulasuriya K.A., Wu G., St Leger J., Nordhausen R.W., Wang D. Identification of a novel coronavirus from a beluga whale by using a panviral microarray. J. Virol., 2008, vol. 82, no. 10, pp. 5084–5088. doi: 10.1128/JVI.02722-07
82. Miles J.A.R., Stoker M.G.P. Puffinosis, a virus epizootic of the Manx shear-water (Puffinus p. puffinus). Nature, 1948, vol. 161, pp. 1016–1017. doi: 10.1038/1611016a0
83. Mohd H.A., Al-Tawfiq J.A., Memish Z.A. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) origin and animal reservoir. Virol. J., 2016, vol. 13, p. 87. doi: 10.1186/s12985-016-0544-0
84. Muller M.A., Corman V.M., Jores J., Meyer B., Younan M., Liljander A., Bosch B.J., Lattwein E., Hilali M., Musa B.E., Bornstein S., Drosten C. MERS coronavirus neutralizing antibodies in camels, Eastern Africa, 1983–1997. Emerg. Infect. Dis., 2014, vol. 20, no. 12, pp. 2093–2095. doi: 10.3201/eid2012.141026
85. Naqi S.A., Panigrahy B., Hall C.F. Purification and concentration of viruses associated with transmissible (coronaviral) enteritis of turkeys (bluecomb). Am. J. Vet. Res., 1975, vol. 36, pp. 548–552.
86. Nichols H.J., Hough W.H. Demonstration of Spirochaeta pallid in the cerebrospinal fluid from a patient with nervous relapse following the use of Salvarsan. J. Am. Med. Assoc., 1913, vol. 60, pp. 108–110.
87. Noorwali A.A., Turkistani A.M., Asiri S.I., Trabulsi F.A., Alwafi O.M., Alzahrani S.H., Rashid M.M., Hegazy S.A., Alzaydi M.D., Bawakid K.O. Descriptive epidemiology and characteristics of confirmed cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection in the Makkah Region of Saudi Arabia, March to June 2014. Ann. Saudi Med., 2015, vol. 35, no. 3, pp. 203–209. doi: 10.5144/0256-4947.2015.203
88. Nuttall P.A., Harrap K.A. Isolation of a coronavirus during studies on puffinosis, a disease of the Manx shearwater (Puffinus puffinus). Arch. Virol., 1982, vol. 73, no. 1, pp. 1–13. doi: 10.1007/bf01341722
89. Oldham J. Letter to the editor. Pig Farming, 1972, vol. 10, pp. 72–73.
90. Park W.B., Kwon N.J., Choe P.G., Choi S.J., Oh H.S., Lee S.M., Chong H., Kim J.I., Song K.H., Bang J.H., Kim E.S., Kim H.B., Park S.W., Kim N.J., Oh M.D. Isolation of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus from a patient of the 2015 Korean outbreak. J. Korean Med. Sci., 2016, vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 315–320. doi: 10.3346/jkms.2016.31.2.315
91. Park W.B., Kwon N.J., Choi S.J., Kang C.K., Choe P.G., Kim J.Y., Yun J., Lee G.W., Seong M.W., Kim N.J., Seo J.S., Oh M.D. Virus isolation from the first patient with SARS-CoV-2 in Korea. J. Korean Med. Sci., 2020, vol. 35, no. 7: e84. doi: 10.3346/jkms.2020.35.e84
92. Parker J.C., Cross S.S., Rowe W.P. Rat coronavirus (RCV): a prevalent, naturally occurring pneumotropic virus of rats. Arch. Gesamte Virusforsch., 1970, vol. 31, no. 3, pp. 293–302. doi: 10.1007/bf01253764
93. Pedersen N.C., Boyle J.F., Floyd K. Infection studies in kittens, using feline infectious peritonitis virus propagated in cell culture. Am. J. Vet. Res., 1981, vol. 42, pp. 363–367.
94. Pedersen N.C., Boyle J.F., Floyd K., Fudge A., Barker J. An enteric coronavirus infection of cats and its relationship to feline infectious peritonitis. Am. J. Vet. Res., 1981, vol. 42, pp. 368–377.
95. Pensaert M., Callebaut P., Vergote J. Isolation of a porcine respiratory, non-enteric coronavirus related to transmissible gastroenteritis. Vet. Q., 1986, vol. 8, pp. 257–261. doi: 10.1080/01652176.1986.9694050
96. Pensaert M.B., de Bouck P. A new coronavirus-like particle associated with diarrhea in swine. Arch. Virol., 1978, vol. 58, pp. 243–247. doi: 10.1007/bf01317606
97. Perera K.D., Kankanamalage A.C., Rathnayake A.D., Honeyfield A., Groutas W., Chang K., Kima Y. Protease inhibitors broadly effective against feline, ferret and mink coronaviruses. Antiviral. Res., 2018, vol. 160, pp. 79–86. doi: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2018.10.015
98. Pringle C.R. Virus taxonomy 1996 — a bulletin from the X th International Congress of Virology in Jerusalem. Arch. Virol., 1996, vol. 141, no. 11, pp. 2251–2256. doi: 10.1007/bf01718231
99. Reusken C.B., Haagmans B.L., Muller M.A., Gutierrez C., Godeke G.J., Meyer B., Muth D., Raj V.S., Smits-De Vries L., Corman V.M., Drexler J.F., Smits S.L., El Tahir Y.E., De Sousa R., van Beek J., Nowotny N., van Maanen K., HidalgoHermoso E., Bosch B.J., Rottier P., Osterhaus A., Gortá zar-Schmidt C., Drosten C., Koopmans M.P. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus neutralising serum antibodies in dromedary camels: a comparative serological study. Lancet Infect. Dis., 2013, vol. 13, no. 10, pp. 859–866. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(13)70164-6
100. Reusken C.B., Schilp C., Raj V.S., De Bruin E., Kohl R.H., Farag E.A., Haagmans B.L., Al-Romaihi H., Le Grange F., Bosch B.J., Koopmans M.P. MERS-CoV infection of alpaca in a region where MERS-CoV is endemic. Emerg. Infect. Dis., 2016, vol. 22, pp. 1129–1131. doi: 10.3201/eid2206.152113
101. Roe C.K., Alexander T.J. A disease of nursing pigs previously unreported in Ontario. Can. J. Comp. Med. Vet. Sci., 1958, vol. 22, pp. 305–307.
102. Rossen J.W., Bekker C.P., Voorhout W.F., Strous G.J., van der Ende A., Rottier P.J. Entry and release of transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus are restricted to apical surfaces of polarized epithelial cells. J. Virol., 1994, vol. 68, no. 12, pp. 7966–7973.
103. Ryu S., Chun B.C. An interim review of the epidemiological characteristics of 2019 novel coronavirus. Epid. Health, 2020, vol. 42: e2020006. doi: 10.4178/epih.e2020006
104. Safonova M.V., Shchelkanov M.Yu., Khafizov K.F., Matsvay A.D., Ayginin A.A., Dolgova A.S., Shchelkanov E.M., Pimkina E.V., Speranskaya A.S., Galkina I.V., Dedkov V.G. Sequencing and genetic characterization of two strains Paramushir virus obtained from the Tyuleniy Island in the Okhotsk Sea (2015). Ticks Tick-borne Dis., 2019, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 269–279. doi: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2018.11.004
105. Salata C., Calistri A., Parolin C., Palu G. Coronaviruses: a paradigm of new emerging zoonotic diseases. Pathog. Dis., 2019, vol. 77, no. 9: ftaa006. doi: 10.1093/femspd/ftaa006
106. Saldanha I.F., Lawson B., Goharriz H., Rodrigues-Ramos Fernamdez J., John S., Fooks A.R., Cunningham A.A., Johnson N. and Horton D.L. Extension of the known distribution of novel clade C betacoronavirus in wildlife host. Epidemiol. Infect., 2019, vol. 147: e169. doi: 10.1017/S0950268819000207
107. Schalk A.F., Hawn M.C. An apparently new respiratory disease of baby chicks. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc., 1931, vol. 78, p. 19.
108. Schultze B., Krempl C., Ballesteros M.L., Shaw L., Schauer R., Enjuanes L., Herrler G. Transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus, but not the related porcine respiratory coronavirus, has a sialic acid (N-glycolylneuraminic acid) binding activity. J. Virol., 1996, vol. 70, pp. 5634–5637.
109. Shen D.T., Gorham J.R., Larsen A.E., Hansen M. Reviewing the transmission of epizootic catarrhal gastroenteritis. Vet. Med., 1984, vol. 79, pp. 1501–1504.
110. Small J.D., Aurelian L., Squire R.A., Strandberg J.D., Melby E.C. Jr, Turner T.B., Newman B. Rabbit cardiomyopathy associated with a virus antigenically related to human coronavirus strain 229E. Am. J. Pathol., 1979, vol. 95, no. 3, pp. 709–729.
111. Small J.D., Woods R.D. Relatedness of rabbit coronavirus to other coronaviruses. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol., 1987, vol. 218, pp. 521–527. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4684-1280-2_68
112. Sonricker Hansen A.L., Li A., Joly D., Mekaru S., Brownstein J.S. Digital surveillance: a novel approach to monitoring the illegal wildlife trade. PLoS One, 2012, vol. 7, no. 12: e51156. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051156
113. St John S.E., Tomar S., Stauffer S.R., Mesecar A.D. Targeting zoonotic viruses: Structure-based inhibition of the 3C-like protease from bat coronavirus HKU4 – the likely reservoir host to the human coronavirus that causes Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS). Bioorg. Med. Chem., 2015, vol. 23, no. 17, pp. 6036–6048. doi: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.06.039
114. Stair E.L., Rhodes M.B., White R.G., Mebus C.A. Neonatal calf diarrhea: purification and electron microscopy of a coronaviruslike agent. Am. J. Vet. Res., 1972, vol. 33, no. 6, pp. 1147–1156.
115. Sun L., Zhang G.H., Jiang J.W., Fu J.D., Ren T., Cao W.S., Xin C.A., Liao M., Liu W.J. A Massachusetts prototype like coronavirus isolated from wild peafowls is pathogenic to chickens. Virus Res., 2007, vol. 130, no. 1–2, pp. 121–128. doi: 10.1016/j.virusres.2007.06.003
116. Tang X.C., Zhang J.X., Zhang S.Y., Wang P., Fan X.H., Li L.F., Li G., Dong B.Q., Liu W., Cheung C.L., Xu K.M., Song W.J., Vijaykrishna D., Poon L.L., Peiris J.S., Smith G.J., Chen H., Guan Y. Prevalence and genetic diversity of coronaviruses in bats from China. J. Virol., 2006, vol. 80, no. 15, pp. 7481–7490. doi: 10.1128/JVI.00697-06
117. Tao Y., Shi M., Chommanard C., Queen K., Zhang J., Markotter W., Kuzmin I.V., Holmes E.C., Tong S. Surveillance of bat coronaviruses in Kenya identifies relatives of human coronaviruses NL63 and 229E and their recombination history. J. Virol., 2017, vol. 91, no. 5: e01953-16. doi: 10.1128/JVI.01953-16
118. Traavik T., Mehl R., Kjeldsberg E. “Runde” virus, a coronavirus-like agent associated with seabirds and ticks. Arch. Virol., 1977, vol. 55, no. 1–2, pp. 25–38. doi: 10.1007/bf01314476
119. Tyrrell D.A., Bynoe M.L. Cultivation of a novel type of common-cold virus in organ cultures. Br. Med. J., 1965, vol. 1, pp. 14671470. doi: 10.1136/bmj.1.5448.1467
120. Van Boheemen S., De Graaf M., Lauber C., Bestebroer T.M., Raj V.S., Zaki A.M., Osterhaus A.D., Haagmans B.L., Gorbalenya A.E., Snijder E.J., Fouchier R.A. Genomic characterization of a newly discovered coronavirus associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome in humans. mBio, 2012, vol. 3, no. 6: e00473-12. doi: 10.1128/mBio.00473-12
121. Van der Hoek L., Pyrc K., Jebbink M.F., Vermeulen-Oost W., Berkhout R.J., Wolthers K.C., Wertheim-van Dillen P.M., Kaandorp J., Spaargaren J., Berkhout B. Identi cation of a new human coronavirus. Nat. Med., 2004, vol. 10, pp. 368–373. doi: 10.1038/nm1024
122. Virus Taxonomy. Classification and Nomenclature of Viruses. Fifth Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. Eds. Francki R.I.B., Fauquet C.M., Knudson D.L., Brown F. Wien-NY: Springer-Verlag, 1991. 453 p.
123. Virus Taxonomy. Classification and Nomenclature of Viruses. Eighth Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. Eds. Fauguet C.M., Mayo M.A., Maniloff J., Desselberger U., Ball L.A. Elsevier Academic Press, 2005. 1162 p.
124. Virus Taxonomy. Classification and Nomenclature of Viruses. Ninth Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. Eds. King A.M.Q., Adams M.J., Carstens E.B., Lefkowitz E.J. Elsevier Academic Press; 2011. 1338 p.
125. Wang L., Hayes J., Sarver C., Byrum B., Zhang Y. Porcine deltacoronavirus: histological lesions and genetic characterization. Arch. Virol., 2016, vol. 161, no. 1, pp. 171–175. doi: 10.1007/s00705-015-2627-4
126. Wang W., Lin X.D., Guo W.P., Zhou R.H., Wang M.R., Wang C.Q., Ge S., Mei S.H., Li M.H., Shi M., Holmes E.C., Zhang Y.Z. Discovery, diversity and evolution of novel coronaviruses sampled from rodents in China. Virology, 2015, vol. 474, pp. 19–27. doi: 10.1016/j.virol.2014.10.017
127. Wang L., Zhang Y., Byrum B. Complete genome sequence of porcine coronavirus HKU15 strain IN2847 from the United States. Genome Announcements, 2014, vol. 2, no. 2: e00291–14. doi: 10.1128/genomeA.00291-14
128. Wassenaar T.M., Zou Y. 2019_nCoV: Rapid classification of betacoronaviruses and identification of traditional Chinese medicine as potential origin of zoonotic coronaviruses. Lett. Appl. Microbiol., 2020. doi: 10.1111/lam.13285
129. Weng L., Weersink A., Poljak Z., de Lange K., von Massow M. An economic evaluation of intervention strategies for porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED). Prev. Vet. Med., 2016, vol. 134, pp. 58–68. doi: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2016.09.018
130. Williams B.H., Kiupel M., West K.H., Raymond J.T., Grant C.K., Glickman L.T. Coronavirus associated epizootic catarrhal enteritis in ferrets. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc., 2000, vol. 217, pp. 526–530. doi: 10.2460/javma.2000.217.526
131. Wilson M.E., Chen L.H. Travelers give wings to novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). J. Travel. Med., 2020: taaa015. doi: 10.1093/jtm/taaa015
132. Wise A.G., Kiupel M., Garner M.M., Clark A.K., Maes R.K. Comparative sequence analysis of the distal one-third of the genomes of a systemic and an enteric ferret coronavirus. Virus Res., 2010, vol. 149, no. 1, pp. 42–50. doi: 10.1016/j.virusres.2009.12.011
133. Wong M.C., Cregeen S., Ajami N.J., Petrosino J.F. Evidence of recombination in coronaviruses implicating pangolin origins of nCoV-2019. bioRxiv, 2020. doi: 10.1101/2020.02.07.939207
134. Woo P.C.Y., Lau S.K.P., Chen Y., Wong E.Y.M., Chan K.H., Chen H., Zhang L., Xia N., Yuen K.Y. Rapid detection of MERS coronavirus-like viruses in bats: potential for tracking MERS coronavirus transmission and animal origin. Emerg. Microb. Infect., 2018, vol. 7, pp. 2–7. doi: 10.1038/s41426-017-0016-7
135. Woo P.C., Lau S.K., Chu C.M., Chan K.H., Tsoi H.W., Huang Y., Wong B.H., Poon R.W., Cai J.J., Luk W.K., Poon L.L., Wong S.S., Guan Y., Peiris J.S., Yuen K.Y. Characterization and complete genome sequence of a novel coronavirus, coronavirus HKU1, from patients with pneumonia. J. Virol., 2005, vol. 79, pp. 884–895. doi: 10.1128/JVI.79.2.884-895.2005
136. Woo P.C., Lau S.K., Lam C.S., Lai K.K., Huang Y., Lee P., Luk G.S., Dyrting K.C., Chan K.H., Yuen K.Y. Comparative analysis of complete genome sequences of three avian coronaviruses reveals a novel group 3c coronavirus. J. Virol., 2009, vol. 83, no. 2, pp. 908–917. doi: 10.1128/JVI.01977-08
137. Woo P.C., Lau S.K., Lam C.S., Lau C.C., Tsang A.K., Lau J.H., Bai R., Teng J.L., Tsang C.C., Wang M., Zheng B.J., Chan K.H., Yuen K.Y. Discovery of seven novel mammalian and avian coronaviruses in the genus deltacoronavirus supports bat coronaviruses as the gene source of alphacoronavirus and betacoronavirus and avian coronaviruses as the gene source of gammacoronavirus and deltacoronavirus. J. Virol., 2012, vol. 86, no. 7, pp. 3995–4008. doi: 10.1128/JVI.06540-11
138. Woo P.C., Lau S.K., Lam C.S., Tsang A.K., Hui S.W., Fan R.Y., Martelli P., Yuen K.Y. Discovery of a novel bottlenose dolphin coronavirus reveals a distinct species of marine mammal coronavirus in Gammacoronavirus. J. Virol., 2014, vol. 88, no. 2, pp. 1318–1331. doi: 10.1128/JVI.02351-13
139. Woo P.C., Lau S.K., Li K.S., Poon R.W., Wong B.H., Tsoi H.W., Yip B.C., Huang Y., Chan K.H., Yuen K.Y. Molecular diversity of coronaviruses in bats. Virology, 2006, vol. 351, no. 1, pp. 180–187. doi: 10.1016/j.virol.2006.02.041
140. Wood E.N. An apparently new syndrome of porcine epidemic diarrhea. Vet. Rec., 1977, vol. 100, pp. 243–244. doi: 10.1136/vr.100.12.243
141. World Health Organization. Summary of probable SARS cases with onset of illness from 1 November 2002 to 31 July 2003 (based on data as of the 31 December 2003). URL: https://www.who.int/csr/sars/country/table2004_04_21/en (29.02.2020).
142. World Health Organization. MERS situation update, January 2020. URL: http://www.emro.who.int/health-topics/mers-cov/mersoutbreaks.html (29.02.2020).
143. World Health Organization. Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV). Situation Report1 (21 January 2020). URL: https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200121-sitrep-1-2019-ncov.pdf?sfvrsn=20a99c10_4 (29.02.2020).
144. World Health Organization. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Situation Report40 (29 February 2020). URL: https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200222-sitrep-33-covid-19.pdf?sfvrsn=c9585c8f_2 (29.02.2020).
145. World Health Organization. Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV). Situation Report10 (30 January 2020). URL: https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200130-sitrep-10-ncov.pdf?sfvrsn=d0b2e480_2 (29.02.2020).
146. World Health Organization. Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV). Situation Report22 (11 February 2020). URL: https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200211-sitrep-22-ncov.pdf?sfvrsn=fb6d49b1_2 (29.02.2020).
147. Wu Z., Yang L., Ren X., He G., Zhang J., Yang J., Qian Z., Dong J., Sun L., Zhu Y., Du J., Yang F., Zhang S., Jin Q. Deciphering the bat virome catalog to better understand the ecological diversity of bat viruses and the bat origin of emerging infectious diseases. ISME J., 2016, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 609–620. doi: 10.1038/ismej.2015.138
148. Wu F., Zhao S., Yu B., Chen Y.M., Wang W., Song Z.G., Hu Y., Tao Z.W., Tian J.H., Pei Y.Y., Yuan M.L., Zhang Y.L., Dai F.H., Liu Y., Wang Q.M., Zheng J.J., Xu L., Holmes E.C., Zhang Y.Z. A new coronavirus associated with human respiratory disease in China. Nature, 2020. doi: 10.1038/s41586-020-2008-3
149. Zaki A.M., Van Boheemen S., Bestebroer T.M., Osterhaus A.D., Fouchier R.A. Isolation of a novel coronavirus from a man with pneumonia in Saudi Arabia. N. Engl. J. Med., 2012, vol. 367, no. 19, pp. 1814–1820. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1211721
150. Zhou P., Yang X.L., Wang X.G., Hu B., Zhang L., Zhang W., Si H.R., Zhu Y., Li B., Huang C.L., Chen H.D., Chen J., Luo Y., Guo H., Jiang R.D., Liu M.Q., Chen Y., Shen X.R., Wang X., Zheng X.S., Zhao K., Chen Q.J., Deng F., Liu L.L., Yan B., Zhan F.X., Wang Y.Y., Xiao G.F., Shi Z.L. A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin. Nature, 2020. doi: 10.1038/s41586-020-2012-7
151. Ziebuhr J., Baric R.S., Baker S., de Groot R.J., Drosten C., Gulyaeva A., Haagmans B.L., Neuman B.W., Perlman S., Poon L.L.M., Sola I., Gorbalenya A.E. Reorganization of the family Coronaviridae into two families, Coronaviridae (including the current subfamily Coronavirinae and the new subfamily Letovirinae) and the new family Tobaniviridae (accommodating the current subfamily Torovirinae and three other subfamilies), revision of the genus rank structure and introduction of a new subgenus rank. Proposal 2017.013S (08.08.2018) for International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses.
Адрес: 115114, Москва, ул. Летниковская, д. 4, стр.5, офис 2.4
тел.\факс: +7(499)754-99-94, доб. 502
e-mail: covid19@neicon.ru
Проект реализуется с использованием гранта Президента Российской Федерации на развитие гражданского общества, предоставленного Фондом президентских грантов.
Содержимое сайта, если не указано иное, опубликовано в соответствии с лицензией Creative Commons «Attribution» («Атрибуция») 4.0 Всемирная (CC BY 4.0). Права на материалы, переданные партнерами проекта, принадлежат их правообладателям.
© 2025 NEICON