1. Yang J, Zheng Y, Gou X, Pu K, Chen Z, Guo Q et al. Prevalence of comorbidities in the novel Wuhan coronavirus (COVID-19) infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Intern J Infectious Dis. 2020; doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2020.03.017 [Epub ahead of print]
2. Xu X, Chen P, Wang J, Feng J, Zhou H, Li X et al. Evolution of the novel coronavirus from the ongoing Wuhan outbreak and modeling of its spike protein for risk of human transmission. Science China Life Sciences. 2020;63(3):457-60. doi:10.1007/s11427-020-1637-5
3. Alraddadi BM, Watson JT, Almarashi A, Abedi GR, Turkistani A, Sadran M et al. Risk factors for primary middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus illness in humans, Saudi Arabia, 2014. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2016;22(1):49-55. doi:10.3201/eid2201.151340
4. Zhou F, Yu T, Du R, Fan G, Liu Y, Liu Z et al. Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet. 2020;395(10229):1054-62. dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30566-3
5. Li B, Yang J, Zhao F, Zhi L, Wang X, Liu L et al. Prevalence and impact of cardiovascular metabolic diseases on COVID-19 in China. Clin Res Cardiol. 2020;(0123456789). doi:10.1007/s00392-020-01626-9 [Epub ahead of print]
6. Lian J, Jin X, Hao S, Cai H, Zhang S, Zheng L et al. Analysis of epidemiological and clinical features in older patients with corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) out of Wuhan. Clin Infect Dis. 2020; pii: ciaa242. doi:10.1093/cid/ciaa242 [Epub ahead of print]
7. Chen T, Wu D, Chen H, Yan W, Yang D, Chen G et al. Clinical characteristics of 113 deceased patients with coronavirus disease 2019: retrospective study. Br Med J. 2020;1091(March): m1091. dx.doi.org/doi:10.1136/bmj.m1091 [Epub ahead of print]
8. Wang L, He W, Yu X, Hu D, Bao M, Liu H et al. Coronavirus Disease 2019 in elderly patients: characteristics and prognostic factors based on 4-week follow-up. J Infection. 2020. doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2020.03.019 [Epub ahead of print]
9. Guan W, Ph D, Liang W, Zhao Y, Med M, Liang H et al. Comorbidity and its impact on 1,590 patients with COVID-19 in China: A Nationwide Analysis. Eur Respir J. 2020. doi:10.1183/13993003.00547-2020 [Epub ahead of print]
10. Guo T, Fan Y, Chen M, Wu X, Zhang L, He T et al. Cardiovascular implications of fatal outcomes of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). JAMA cardiology. 2020; doi:10.1001/jamacardio.2020.1017 [Epub ahead of print]
11. Batlle D, Wysocki J, Satchell K. Soluble angiotensinconverting enzyme 2: a potential approach for coronavirus infection therapy? Clin Sci. 2020;134(5):543-5.
12. Gallagher P, Ferrario C, Tallant E. Regulation of ACE 2 in cardiac myocytes and fibroblasts. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2008;295(6):H2373-H2379.
13. Imai Y, Kuba K, Penninger JM. The discovery of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 and its role in acute lung injury in mice. Experimental Physiology. 2008;93(5):543-8.
14. Imai Y, Kuba K, Rao S, Huan Y, Guo F, Guan B et al. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 protects from severe acute lung failure. Nature. 2005;436(7047):112-6.
15. Mendoza Torres E, Oyarzun A, Mondaca Ruff D, Azocar A, Chiong M, Castro PF et al. ACE 2 and vasoactive peptides: Novel players in cardiovascular/renal remodeling and hypertension. Ther Adv Cardiovasc Dis. 2015;9(4):217-37.
16. Ferrario CM, Jessup J, Chappell MC, Averill DB, Brosnihan KB, Tallant EA et al. Effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition and angiotensin II receptor blockers on cardiac angiotensin-converting enzyme 2. Circulation. 2005;111(20): 2605-10.
17. Qiao W, Wang C, Chen B, Zhang F, Liu Y, Lu Q et al. Ibuprofen attenuates cardiac fibrosis in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Cardiology. 2015;131(2):97-106.
18. Sommerstein R, Grani C. Preventing a covid-19 pandemic: ACE inhibitors as a potential risk factor for fatal Covid-19. Br Med J. 2020;368:m810 [Epub ahead of print]
19. Fang L, Karakiulakis G, Roth M. Are patients with hypertension and diabetes mellitus at increased risk for COVID-19 infection? Lancet Respir Med. 2020;2600(20):30116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30116-8
20. Kuster GM, Pfister O, Burkard T, Zhou Q, Twerenbold R, Haaf P et al. SARS-CoV2: should inhibitors of the renin-angiotensin system be withdrawn in patients with COVID-19? Eur Heart J. 2020;1-3. 10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa235 [Epub ahead of print]
21. Sparks MA, South A, Welling P, Luther JM, Cohen J, Byrd JB et al. Sound Science before Quick Judgement Regarding RAS Blockade in COVID-19. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2020;12-4. doi:10.2215/CJN.03530320 [Epub ahead of print]
22. Zou Z, Yan Y, Shu Y, Gao R, Sun Y, Li X et al. Angiotensinconverting enzyme 2 protects from lethal avian influenza A H5N 1 infections. Nature Communications. 2014;5(May):1-7.
23. Gurwitz D. Angiotensin receptor blockers as tentative SARS-CoV-2 therapeutics. Drug Development Research. 2020;(February):2-5. doi:10.1002/ddr.21656
24. Danser AHJ, Epstein M, Batlle D. Renin-Angiotensin System Blockers and the COVID-19 Pandemic: at present there is no evidence to abandon renin-angiotensin system blockers. Hypertension. 2020; HYPERTENSIONAHA12015082. doi:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.120.15082 [Epub ahead of print]
25. Suliburska J, Bogdanski P, Szulinska M, Pupek-Musialik D. The influence of antihypertensive drugs on mineral status in hypertensive patients. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences. 2014;18(1):58-65.
26. Suliburska J, Skrypnik K, Szulinska M, Kupsz J, Markus-zewski L, Bogdanski P. Diuretics, ca-antagonists, and angiotensinconverting enzyme inhibitors affect zinc status in hypertensive patients on monotherapy: A randomized trial. Nutrients. 2018;10(9):1-15.
27. Chiba M, Katayama K, Takeda R, Morita R, Iwahashi K, Onishi Y, et al. Diuretics aggravate zinc deficiency in patients with liver cirrhosis by increasing zinc excretion in urine. Hepatol Res. 2013;43(4):365-73.
28. Read SA, Obeid S, Ahlenstiel C, Ahlenstiel G. The role of zinc in antiviral immunity. Adv Nutr. 2019;10(4):696-710.
29. Sprietsma JE. Modern diets and diseases: NO-zinc balance. Med Hypoth. 1999;53(1):6-16.
30. te Velthuis AJW, van den Worml SHE, Sims AC, Baric RS, Snijder EJ, van Hemert MJ. Zn2+ inhibits coronavirus and arterivirus RNA polymerase activity in vitro and zinc ionophores block the replication of these viruses in cell culture. PLoS Pathogens. 2010;6(11):1-10.
31. Prasad AS, Beck FWJ, Bao B, Fitzgerald JT, Snell DC, Steinberg JD et al. Zinc supplementation decreases incidence of infections in the elderly: Effect of zinc on generation of cytokines and oxidative stress. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007;85(3):837-44.
32. Houston MC. The role of cellular micronutrient analysis, nutraceuticals, vitamins, antioxidants and minerals in the prevention and treatment of hypertension and cardiovascular disease. Ther Adv Cardiovasc Dis. 2010;4(3):165-83.
33. Kim A, Sparks J, Liew J, Putman M, Berenbaum F, Duarte-Garda A et al. A rush to judgment? Rapid reporting and dissemination of results and its consequences regarding the use of hydroxychloroquine for COVID-19. Ann Intern Med. 2020; doi:10.7326/M20-1223 [Epub ahead of print]
34. Gautret P, Lagier J, Parola P, Hoang V, Meddeb L, Mailhe M. Hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin as a treatment of COVID-19: results of an open-label non-randomized clinical trial. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2020;(January):105949. doi: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105949 [Epub ahead of print]
35. Xue J, Moyer A, Peng B, Wu J, Hannafon BN, Ding WQ. Chloroquine is a zinc ionophore. PLoS ONE. 2014;9(10):1—6. doi:10. 1371/journal.pone.0109180
36. Mach F, Baigent C, Catapano AL, Koskinas KC, Casula M, Badimon L et al. 2019 ESC/EAS Guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: Lipid modification to reduce cardiovascular risk. Eur Heart J. 2020;41(1):111—88. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehz455
37. Cosentino F, Grant PJ, Aboyans V, Bailey CJ, Ceriello A, Delgado V et al. 2019 ESC Guidelines on diabetes, pre-diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases developed in collaboration with the EASD. European Heart Journal. 2020;41(2):255-323. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehz486
38. Knuuti J, Wijns W, Achenbach S, Agewall S, Barbato E, Bax JJ et al. 2019 ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and management of chronic coronary syndromes. Eur Heart J. 2020;41(3):407-77. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehz425
39. 2017 ESC Guidelines for the management of acute myocardial infarction in patients presenting with ST-segment elevation: The Task Force for the management of acute myocardial infarction in patients presenting with ST-segment elevation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J. 2018;39(2):119-177. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehx393
40. Agabiti E, France MA, Uk AD, Germany FM, Kerins M, Germany RK, et al. 2018 ESC / ESH Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension The Task Force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Society of Hypertension. Eur Heart J. 2018;39:3021-104.
41. Шляхто Е. В., Конради А. О., Арутюнов Г. П., Арутюнов А. Г., Баутин А. Е., Бойцов С. А. и др. Руководство по диагностике и лечению болезней системы кровообращения в контексте пандемии COVID-19. Российский кардиологический журнал. 2020;25(3):21.
42. Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet. 2020;395(10223):497-506. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5
43. Meng J, Xiao G, Zhang J, He X, Ou M, Bi J et al. Renin-angiotensin system inhibitors improve the clinical outcomes of COVID-19 patients with hypertension. Emerging Microbes Infections. 2020;9(1):757-60. doi:10.1080/22221751.2020.1746200
